Category: Almonds

  • Port of Oakland Update on Container Availability and Shipping Line Disruption

    Port of Oakland Update on Container Availability and Shipping Line Disruption

    The Almond Alliance hosted a zoom call with the Port of Oakland this morning to discuss issues with shipping lines and container availability at the Port of Oakland.  Through October 2020, Oakland sent out 18% fewer empty containers compared to the same time period in 2019.  Empty container exports dropped 30% between September 2020 and October 2020 (41,440 TEU vs 29,000 TEU respectively).  As you know most container shipping lines are foreign owned and are urging importers to return empty containers as quickly as possible, since it is having impacts throughout the supply chain. Ships are coming in late and berthing late and are cancelling many bookings. A significant number of chassis are being used to store full import containers, resulting in increased dwell times. The return of empty containers to free up chassis and improve operational velocity in terminals and storage yards is needed to help improve the situation.

    While efforts of many trade  associations (including Agriculture Transportation Coalition) are reaching out to the Administration and congressional representatives to request assistance, the goal of the Almond Alliance is to contact all of the carriers and get their message on what is happening with their containers and let them know the position and concerns of the almond industry.

    We requested that the Port of Oakland provide and recommendations to our membership to help them get through this situation. Below are some recommendations for consideration.  The Almond Alliance continues to work on this issue and will keep you updated.

    Recommendations to address this issue temporarily until the larger situation is handled:

    • Talk to your carriers and ask them if their book of business has changed.
    • Talk to your carriers and request that they take more export cargo. 
    • Based on your carriers’ book of business, you may need to spread the risk and consider working with other carriers. If your carrier does not have imports coming in, that is something you should consider in your decision in the next 3 months. 
    • Look at the terms of the conditions of your contract with your carrier. Certain contracts you can change your terms of conditions and temporarily give them up so carriers have incentive to work you.  We need to find ways to put pressure on carriers. 
    • Be flexible with equipment – better off shipping something than nothing and lose the sale. 

    Important note:

    Hapag Lloyd informed the Port of Oakland that in addition to the current delays of vessels employed in the AL5 service and the various recovery measures such as port omissions, speed-up, and rotation changes we unfortunately did not succeed to bring the service back on schedule since new delays have jeopardized those efforts.

    Ongoing adverse weather on the Atlantic is preventing us to do the necessary speed-up and even forces us to reduce the speed for safety reasons. In addition, port congestions caused by weather related port closures and labor shortages have caused additional delays.

    In order to recover the AL5 schedule and bring vessels back into the proforma long term schedule position, H/L has proactively decided to let all vessels slide by one week as per week 48 MV “NYK Rumina” 053W. All vessels sailing until then will remain in their delayed position with some slight schedule adjustments.

    For any questions, please email Elaine Trevino at etrevino@almondalliance.org.

  • Help Needed: Identifying Telone Application Sites this Fall/Late Winter

    Help Needed: Identifying Telone Application Sites this Fall/Late Winter

    The Almond Alliance has been meeting with Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) on their initiated 1,3-D pilot programs in three areas of the state:  Shafter, Kern County; Parlier, Fresno County; Delhi, Merced County. The objective of the pilot programs is to evaluate growers and applicators with alternative methods of achieving emission reductions of 1,3-D comparable to tarping. DPR put forth 13 proposed mitigation measures including buffer zones, TIF tarping, soil moisture depth, water seals, amended injection depths and more.

    The Almond Alliance has been engaged in numerous discussions with DPR on this issue and has mobilized our membership to provide feedback and have detailed discussions on why several of the proposed options are not procedurally and economically feasible. We have been clear that our industry needs this fumigant for treatment of nematodes during the replanting of almond trees.

    In August of this year, the Almond Alliance submitted a detailed letter to DPR summarizing the almond industry’s concern about the proposed pilot options and why several should not be considered at all.  To review letter, CLICK HERE.

    DPR has asked that we identify 2 to 3 orchards to evaluate during replanting this fall/spring and will be applying Telone as a soil fumigant. Would you be willing to have your site be a part of an assessment of some fumigant off-gassing reduction measures that DPR would like to assess? If yes, or even if you think your site might not meet the DPR criteria, you should speak with the Almond Alliance and DPR. An ideal orchard is one with no other surrounding orchards, specifically upwind/downwind as DPR needs to have space for the equipment to measure what is emitted into the air.

    While some wanted DPR to move to additional regulation of Telone right away based on the air monitoring data, DPR decided to do some “pilot studies”, partially buying a bit of time. In the process, DPR realized that they needed additional field monitoring data on the off gassing of Telone under different conditions to improve their models, as well to assess the off-gassing if some new mitigation measures were employed. Thus, the hunt for appropriate sites with good grower cooperators.  However, if additional sites with growers willing to cooperate cannot be found, DPR will move forward regulating based on the limited data they already have. That will lead to a significant increase in locations where Telone cannot be used and/or only with the use expensive TIF tarps.

    The proposed emissions mitigation measures include:

    • Getting soil moisture in the top 6-9 inches to 70% water holding capacity as a water seal.
    • Injection the fumigant at 24-28 inches rather than at 18 inches.
    • Mixture of one of the above and strip TIF tarps.

    ​​​​​​​If your site meets the desired conditions – particularly no orchard immediately adjacent to the location and you are willing, we are asking that you discuss the possibility with your soil fumigant applicator company and contact Elaine Trevino at 209-300-7140.

  • Protecting your Almonds from Ant Damage

    Protecting your Almonds from Ant Damage

    Almonds sat on the ground to dry a little longer this season due to the abnormal drop in temperatures and increase in humidity at harvest. This provided a longer window of opportunity for ants to feast on the valuable product.  Regardless of what the future brings, there will always be ants in the orchard and now would be a good time to freshen up your knowledge on how to manage them in the orchard. Watch this interview with UC IPM Advisor Kris Tollerup and don’t miss his upcoming ant management presentation at the annual Tree & Vine Expo on November 10th.
    Please thank this video’s sponsor Suterra for their industry support.
  • Almond Board Mummy Shake Video Contest

    Almond Board Mummy Shake Video Contest

    Halloween will come and go, but mummy nuts are here to stay… unless you shake them away!

    To help remind growers to break the link between mummy nuts and overwintering navel orangeworm (NOW), the Almond Board of California (ABC) created a parody song that’s sure to be an “orchard smash,” just in time for the most spooky holiday of the year. It’s The Mummy Shake — listen now (lyrics here) and submit a video of your family dancing along to this “orchard smash” for a chance to win a $500 Amazon gift card!

    How to Enter: Video Specifications  

    • Create a video with family dancing – and, if desired, singing – to The Mummy Shake. You can film this video anywhere, though an orchard backdrop is encouraged.
      • Entry videos must be at least 30 seconds in length (approximately a verse and a chorus) and up to the duration of the full song.
      • Entries will be judged based on enthusiasm, creativity and composition.


    How to Upload Your Video

    • You have TWO OPTIONS when submitting your video:
      • Get Up and Dance: Don’t worry about singing; just get out in the orchard and show us your moves and/or lip-sync the lyrics. We’ll add the audio to your video!
      • Sing-Along Style: Get out in the orchard, play the Mummy Shake video and sing along with the lyrics!
    • Submit your entry in one of two ways:
      • Upload the video in .MP4 or .MOV format to this ABC webform.
        • MAKE SURE TO INCLUDE THE CONTESTANT’S NAME AND EMAIL ADDRESS IN THE FILE NAME
      • Post the video on the Almond Board of California Facebook page 
        • DON’T FORGET to include the hashtag #MummyShake in your post to ensure your video is considered for the $500 Amazon gift card!

    Read on below for complete contest eligibility guidelines.

    Mummy Shake Video Contest – OFFICIAL RULES

    NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. MAKING A PURCHASE OR CONTRIBUTION WILL NOT IMPROVE CHANCE OF WINNING. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED.

    1. Preliminary Information and Contest Period: The Mummy Shake Video Contest (Campaign) is open for entries starting October 26, 2020 at 12:01AM Daylight Pacific Time (PT). All entries must be submitted by the contest deadline: 11:59PM PT on November 20, 2020 (Contest deadline). Campaign is subject to all applicable federal, state and local laws. This Campaign is sponsored by the Almond Board of California (Sponsor), 1150 9th St. #1500, Modesto, CA 95354.

    2. Agreement to Rules: By participating, the Contestant agrees to be fully and unconditionally bound by these Rules and decision of Sponsor, which shall be final and binding. Contestant represents and warrants that they meet the eligibility requirements. In addition, Contestant agrees to accept the decisions of Sponsor as final and binding as it relates to the content of this Campaign.

    3. Eligibility: Contestant may enter to win if he or she is a legal resident of the state of California, age 18 or older at the time of entry, and is a member of the California almond industry, which includes growers, handlers, hullers/shellers and allied industry members. Contestant’s submission may include family member and/or friend of a Contestant provided that such family member or friend consents to being featured in the submission. If Contestant chooses to feature his or her children under the age of 18 in his/her submission, Contestant grants Sponsor permission to display, broadcast and/or share video for promotional purposes of this Campaign or future Campaigns. Employees, officers, directors, agents, representatives and their immediate families (parents, children, siblings, spouse and each of their respective spouses, regardless of where they live) or members of the households of the Almond Board of California/Sponsor, their parent companies, subsidiaries, agencies and anyone connected with the production and distribution of this Campaign may submit an entry for use by Sponsor solely to promote the Campaign, but are not eligible to win or be awarded a prize.

    4. How to Enter: To enter, Contestants must create a video featuring themselves and/or family or friends dancing to the Almond Board of California’s “Mummy Shake” song, in an almond orchard or another setting of their choosing. Entry videos must be at least 30 seconds in length (approximately one verse and one chorus) and up to the duration of the full song. Entries will be judged based on enthusiasm, creativity, and composition. Judges will be comprised of employees of the Almond Board of California. Submit your video entry in one of two ways:

    • Upload the video in .MP4 or .MOV format to this ABC webform
      • MAKE SURE TO INCLUDE THE CONTESTANT’S NAME AND EMAIL ADDRESS IN THE FILE NAME.
    • Post video on Sponsor’s Almond Board of California Facebook page: http://facebook.com/AlmondBoardofCalifornia/
      • DON’T FORGET to include the hashtag #MummyShake in your post to ensure your video is considered for the $500 Amazon gift card!
    • Email industry@almondboard.com with questions

    Multiple entries per person or household will be accepted and judged, but only one (1) prize will be awarded per person or household. Entries that are incomplete or that contain errors, copyrighted images or inappropriate/derogatory/defamatory images or language, dogs in the orchard, guns/firearms, nudity, violence or profanity will be automatically disqualified in Sponsor’s sole discretion. Sponsor is not responsible for lost, late, misdirected, altered or destroyed entries. The odds of winning depend on the number of eligible entries received and/or the number of contestants participating in the contest. If Contestant uses fraudulent methods or otherwise attempts to circumvent the rules, the submission may be removed from eligibility at the sole discretion of Sponsor. The Contestant may be asked to provide all appropriate clearances, permissions and releases for the submission.

    All entries become the property of Sponsor and will not be returned. Proof of sending will not be deemed proof of receipt by Sponsor. Sponsor reserves the right to edit or summarize the submission or any written description or picture prior to posting to Sponsor’s website and/or social media channels.

    5. Prize: The Winner of the Campaign (“Winner”) will receive a Grand Prize consisting of a $500 Amazon gift card.

    The prize will be sent to Winner’s provided email address within two (2) weeks of notification. Any applicable Federal, State or Local taxes are solely the responsibility of the winner and paying any expenses associated with any prize which are not expressly included as part of the prize. Prizes are not transferable. Sponsor reserves the right to substitute a prize package with another prize of equal or greater value if advertised prize or any component thereof is not available.

    6. Winner Selection and Notification: Winner will be selected under the supervision of the Sponsor. Winner will be notified by email or by direct message on Facebook within five Sponsor business (5) days following selection of Winner. Sponsor shall have no liability for Winner’s failure to receive notices due to spam, junk email, or other security settings or for Winner’s provision of incorrect or otherwise non-functioning contact information. If Winner cannot be contacted, is ineligible, fails to claim the prize within seven (7) Sponsor business days from the time award notification was sent, or fails to timely return a completed and executed declaration and release as required, the prize may be forfeited, and an alternate Winner selected. Receipt by Winner of the prize offered in this Campaign is conditioned upon compliance with any and all federal, state, and local laws and regulations. Any violation of these official rules by winner (at Sponsor’s sole discretion) will result in Winner’s disqualification as Winner of the Campaign, and all privileges as Winner will be immediately terminated.

    7. Rights Granted by Contestant: By entering this Campaign, Contestant understands and agrees that Sponsor, anyone acting on behalf of Sponsor, and Sponsor’s licensees, successors, and assigns, shall have the right, where permitted by law, to print, publish, broadcast, distribute, and use in any media now known or hereafter developed, in perpetuity and throughout the World, without limitation, Contestant’s entry, name, portrait, picture, voice, likeness, image, statements about the Campaign, and biographical information for news, publicity, information, trade, advertising, public relations, and promotional purposes, without any further compensation, notice, review, or consent. By entering this Campaign, Contestant represents and warrants that entry is an original work of authorship and does not violate any third party’s proprietary or intellectual property rights or right of publicity. If entry infringes upon the right of any third party including, without limitation, any intellectual property right or right of publicity, Contestant will be disqualified at the sole discretion of Sponsor. If the content of the entry is claimed to constitute infringement of any proprietary or intellectual proprietary rights or right of publicity of any third party, Contestant shall, at his or her sole expense, defend or settle against such claims. Contestant shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless Sponsor from and against any suit, proceeding, claims, liability, loss, damage, costs or expense (including attorneys’ fees), which Sponsor may incur, suffer, or be required to pay arising out of such infringement or suspected infringement of any third party’s right.

    8. Terms & Conditions: Sponsor reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to cancel, terminate, modify or suspend the Campaign should virus, bug, non-authorized human intervention, fraud, or other cause beyond Sponsor’s control corrupt or affect the administration, security, fairness, or proper conduct of the Campaign. In such case, Sponsor may select the Winner from all eligible entries received prior to and/or after (if appropriate) the action taken by Sponsor. Sponsor reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to disqualify any individual who tampers or attempts to tamper with the entry process or the operation of the Campaign or website or violates these Terms & Conditions. Sponsor has the right, in its sole discretion, to maintain the integrity of the Campaign, to void entries for any reason. Any attempt by a Contestant to deliberately damage any website or undermine the legitimate operation of the Campaign may be a violation of criminal and civil laws. Should such attempt be made, Sponsor reserves the right to seek damages to the fullest extent permitted by law.

    9. Limitation of Liability: By entering, Contestant agrees to release and hold harmless Sponsor and its subsidiaries, affiliates, advertising and promotion agencies, partners, representatives, agents, successors, assigns, employees, officers, and directors from any liability, illness, injury, death, loss, litigation, claim, or damage that may occur, directly or indirectly, whether caused by negligence or not, from: (i) such Contestant’s participation in the Campaign and/or his/her acceptance, possession, use, or misuse of any prize or any portion thereof; (ii) technical failures of any kind, including but not limited to the malfunction of any computer, cable, network, hardware, or software, or other mechanical equipment; (iii) the unavailability or inaccessibility of any transmissions, telephone, or Internet service; (iv) unauthorized human intervention in any part of the entry process or the Promotion; (v) electronic or human error in the administration of the Promotion or the processing of entries.

    10. Disputes: This Campaign is governed by the laws of the United States of America and California, without respect to conflict of law doctrines. As a condition of participating in this Campaign, participant agrees that any and all disputes that cannot be resolved between the parties and causes of action arising out of or connected with this Campaign, shall be resolved individually, without resort to any form of class action, exclusively before a court located in California having jurisdiction. Further, in any such dispute, under no circumstances shall participant be permitted to obtain awards for, and hereby waives all rights to, punitive, incidental, or consequential damages, including reasonable attorney’s fees, other than participant’s actual out-of-pocket expenses (i.e. costs associated with entering this Campaign). Participant further waives all rights to have damages multiplied or increased.

    11. Privacy Policy: Information submitted with an entry is subject to the Privacy Policy stated on the Sponsor’s website. To read the Privacy Policy, click here.

  • Main Fungal Canker Diseases Affecting California Almonds

    Main Fungal Canker Diseases Affecting California Almonds

    In California, fungal canker diseases have long been known to affect almond trees. However, they have become an increasing concern to growers in recent years as they are affecting a greater extent of young trees, eventually resulting in significant tree losses. Canker diseases can also become prevalent in mature orchards, impacting yield, the lifespan of trees, production costs and overall profitability of almond orchards. Ultimately, trunk and scaffold canker diseases constitute a major cause of tree death and branch dieback in California almond orchards.

    As the University of California (UC) Assistant Cooperative Extension Specialist in Plant Pathology for fruit and nut crops when I receive calls from farm advisors, almond growers and Pest Control Advisers (PCAs) the questions they most frequently have are in relation to canker diseases, asking how can it be diagnosed, and how can it be treated.

    Symptoms on affected trees are very conspicuous and often alarming to growers. Moreover, field diagnosis of canker diseases is difficult as symptom delineation among the various canker diseases is not clear. Hence, laboratory tests are usually required to obtain accurate disease diagnosis, which is essential to the implementation of appropriate management strategies.

    With support from the Almond Board of California (ABC) and with the help of farm advisors, my laboratory conducted statewide surveys to characterize canker diseases in almond orchards and to get a thorough understanding of the main diseases and pathogens present. This work has provided molecular tools and a database for the accurate identification of fungi commonly isolated from almond cankers.

    This article will provide an overview of the main canker diseases that impact almond trees and how they can be recognized. But first, let’s review some general concepts about canker diseases.


    What is a canker?

    A canker in woody plants generally refers to a lesion produced in the bark of a plant’s stem, twig, or branch, often resulting in a dead area that can block water and nutrient transport to portions of the tree, thus causing parts of the plant to die back. Most cankers are caused by fungi, which invade bark tissue and the current season’s wood. However, some fungi colonize in both bark and internal wood tissue, causing canker rot or wood cankers that persist for years.

    Wood cankers typically consist of brown-to-dark brown discoloration of xylem tissues and may vary in shape from wedge-shaped to round, or irregular. 


    What are the main infection pathways and disease cycles of canker diseases?

    In orchard systems, cankers usually originate around wounds such as pruning wounds, mechanical injuries, sunscald and sunburn lesions, as well as wounds caused by insect borers. In almonds, canker pathogens infect trees mainly through pruning wounds made for primary and secondary scaffold selection to provide the general structure of trees. Cracks in the tree crotch or on the trunk as well as shaker injuries provide other entry points for canker-causing pathogens in almonds. Canker diseases may go unnoticed during the early stages of infection, though symptoms become more visible as the trees age.

    Most fungal canker pathogens produce fruiting bodies on dead wood of infected host plants. The spores produced by these fruiting bodies serve as inoculum for new infections, mostly during wet weather. The vegetation present in the vicinity of orchards, particularly trees in riparian areas or neighboring orchards of susceptible crops, may serve as inoculum sources for fungal canker pathogens affecting almonds. Once a canker disease has been established in an orchard, infected almond trees can provide additional inoculum for further infection. 


    Does stress play a role in the exacerbation of canker disease?

    Recent outbreaks of canker diseases in perennial crops have been attributed in part to drastic changes in production practices, climate change and increased plant stress, the continuing adaptation of pathogens to new environments, and, most importantly, the global movement of plant material. Ultimately, though, trees suffering environmental stresses are more susceptible to canker diseases.

    Microorganisms that usually do not cause disease in non-stressed hosts may become opportunistic pathogens of stressed plants. Increases in canker diseases are common during extended periods of drought or following sudden temperature fluctuations. Drought stress can also impair the plant’s ability to defend against fungal invasion. Conversely, excessive watering can kill roots and predispose plants to canker pathogens.


    What are the main canker diseases in California almonds, and what are their symptoms?

    Ceratocystis canker

    Ceratocystis canker, caused by the fungal pathogen Ceratocystis destructans (formerly known as Ceratocystis fimbriata), is one of the most prevalent canker diseases in California almonds – it occurs statewide in all almond producing counties. While this disease is generally associated with shaker damage and bark injuries on trunks during harvest, C. destructans is also capable of infecting branches from fresh pruning wounds and if left untreated can kill branches, scaffolds and entire trees. Ceratocystis is spread by several species of sap-feeding beetles and fruit flies.

    Ceratocystis canker starts as water-soaked injuries that are darker than the surrounding healthy tissue. Symptoms of established infections include amber-colored gumballs that are produced around the margin of the canker, where the fungus is most active. The cankers are perennial, persist over several years, and are most active during the growing season. Young trees infected with Ceratocystis canker may die rapidly while infections in older trees usually progress slowly. 


    Band canker and other Botryosphaeriaceae cankers

    Although band canker was first reported years ago as a disease in almonds, it’s appearance had been very sporadic up until the last decade, when this disease was suddenly being reported in large numbers of commercial orchards and causing severe damage.

    Band canker

    Band canker produces unique symptoms that include oozing amber sap that forms in a ring around the circumference of the tree. Young, vigorous varieties that grow quickly from aggressive nitrogen and water inputs are especially prone to band canker. Solid sprinkler irrigation or micro-sprinklers that wet the tree trunk can create conditions favorable for infection.

    Band canker is often an annual disease that occurs when trees are in their second-to-fifth leaf and usually does not necessarily reappear the following year. However, an increasing number of cases have been reported lately where cankers are being re-activated in following year. Tree death due to band canker has become more common as multiple bands can develop as the canker continues to grow from one growing season to the next.

    Botryosphaeriaceae cankers are characterized also by gumming around pruning wounds made near the trunk or in main scaffold branches. Band canker and Botryosphaeriaceae cankers are particularly common in young almond orchards in the northern San Joaquin Valley and well as in the Sacramento Valley.

    Infections by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are usually associated with growth cracks or pruning wounds on the trunk and main scaffold branches. Studies have revealed there are at least 12 different Botryosphaeriaceae species in almonds, each with various levels of virulence. Among them, Neofusicoccum species, including N. parvum and N. mediterraneum, are the most common in California. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum also occurs frequently in cankers developing around pruning wounds on the trunk. This pathogen also can cause shoot blight and fruit rot in almonds.


    Eutypa dieback

    Eutypa dieback in almonds occurs sporadically in the Sacramento Valley and in the northern San Joachim Valley. Eutypa dieback is caused by the fungus Eutypa lata and is a common disease in apricots, sweet cherries and grapevines. Eutypa dieback in almonds is usually found in young trees.

    Cankers mostly originate from pruning wounds on limbs or trunks as well as from cracks formed at the junction of scaffold branches and the trunk, extending downward toward the graft union or upwards into one or more scaffold branches. Amber-colored gum turning dark brown to reddish brown normally exudes around the cracks. Irregular-shaped to wedge-shaped, brown-colored cankers are observed from cross sections of limbs and trunks.

    Limb dieback may occur several months or years after infection. The fungal fruiting bodies, i.e. the perithecia of E. lata. are rare in almond orchards, suggesting sources of inoculum for this disease most likely originate from surrounding susceptible hosts including apricot and grapevine as well as natural host plants in riparian areas such as willows. 


    Cytospora cankers

    Cytospora species have been isolated sporadically in almond orchards in California, Cytospora canker is generally associated with pruning wounds in the branches of third-leaf trees or older. At least five species of Cytospora have been associated with cankers in California almonds. Symptoms of Cytospora canker include longitudinal cankers in branches and scaffolds often associated with pruning wounds, vascular discoloration of the wood and moderate gumming.

    Florent Trouillas, UC Davis Plant Pathologist

    Cytospora species have been traditionally thought to be secondary to sunburn and other stresses or injury in stone fruits. However, their prevalence in cankers together with pathogenicity studies suggest that this group of fungi constitutes virulent pathogens. Overall, Cytospora pathogens are of increasing concern in recent years in many fruit and nut crops in California.— By Florent P. Trouillas (Through the Almond Board of California), Assistant Cooperative Extension Specialist in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California, Davis

    Stay tuned for a follow-up article from Trouillas on how growers can manage different types of canker diseases in their orchards. Growers are also encouraged to check out the Univeristy of California IPM website for more information on various types of canker diseases.

  • The Relationship Between Almond Tree Performance and Microbial Activity in Soil

    The Relationship Between Almond Tree Performance and Microbial Activity in Soil

    – SPONSORED CONTENT –

    By: Dr. Karl Wyant

    Although soil microbes, including bacteria and fungi, are microscopically small, they can have an enormous impact on the performance of almond crops. According to a recent study, soil microbial communities associated with tree crops are critical for their long-term growth and development, particularly under challenging soil conditions (Mercado-Blanco et al., 2018). Soil microbial communities are known to contribute to increased aboveground plant productivity, improve the availability of soil nutrients and water, and can help mitigate abiotic stressors and toxic compounds (Mercado-Blanco et al., 2018) for the associated crop (Weil and Brady 2017). In a case study conducted by Heliae® Agriculture, we analyzed the importance of microbial activity in almond tree soil.

    The PhycoTerra® product line of conventional and organic microalgae technology is a proven way to increase soil microbial activity that can have an immediate impact on your almond tree growth and yield. This idea, as eloquently expressed by Mercado-Blanco et al., (2018), is that the belowground microbiome can be harnessed to improve the growth and development of permanent tree crops worldwide. Let’s now turn our attention to two case studies showcasing the use of PhycoTerra® and PhycoTerra® Organic on improving almond growth and yield. The key connection here is that the PhycoTerra® product line had a direct, positive impact on soil microbial abundance and diversity, which lead to an improvement in crop performance (Mercado-Blanco et al., 2018).

    We were challenged to help optimize the establishment and growth of third leaf almonds near Bakersfield, CA and chose PhycoTerra® Organic to help drive optimal improvement in the soil microbiome. Using a planned, program approach, we applied 3 gallons/acre total of product in small doses at key timings, starting with petal drop. Since yield information was not available on the young trees, we used growth in trunk diameter as a proxy for crop response against a grower standard.

    Blocks on the PhycoTerra® Organic program showed a 30% average increase in trunk diameter compared to their respective control blocks of the same size. We are moving into Year 2 of the trial and should start to see yield impacts shortly.

    We were asked to help a grower gain additional value from a 19-year-old almond field, close to the end of its useful productive capacity. With that in mind, we felt revitalizing the soil microbiome, using PhycoTerra®, was key due to the relationship between tree crop production and belowground bacteria and fungi populations (Mercado-Blanco et al. 2018). We applied a total of four gallons/acre to the field at key timings using a planned, program approach.

    Application of PhycoTerra®, with the intent to increase microbial activity the soil, improved yield and value for both Nonpareil and Carmel almond varieties in an older orchard, compared to the grower standard. Additionally, the grower observed less lower limb die-off on the PhycoTerra® side and we believe this played a role in the improved yield. Nut size also increased, using PhycoTerra®, jumping from 25/27 to 23/25, for both varieties.

    Our research about the importance of soil microbial activity in soil at Heliae® Agriculture has led to the creation of a quality microalgae product for a variety of sustainable soil solutions that can have an immediate impact on your soil microbiome and the performance of your almond trees. To learn more about our Soil Microbe Food, PhycoTerra®, and how it can improve the soil on your farm, click here.

    References
    • Mercado-Blanco et al. 2018 – https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01006/full
    • Weil and Brady 2017 – https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Weil-Nature-and-Properties-of-Soils-The-15th-Edition/PGM219427.html

  • New Export Opportunities for Almond Hulls

    New Export Opportunities for Almond Hulls

    As California almond production continues to increase, so does the amount of coproducts such as hulls and shells.  Traditionally, much of these coproducts have been sold to California dairies as cattle feed and bedding amendments; however, the increase in production has led the industry to pursue further marketing opportunities and uses for these coproducts.  Watch this brief interview with Elaine Trevino from the Almond Alliance of California as she shares some exciting news regarding export opportunities and read more about it in Pacific Nut Producer Magazine.
    Please thank this video’s sponsor Suterra for their industry support.
  • Wildfire Impact on CA Almond Harvest & Crop Update

    Wildfire Impact on CA Almond Harvest & Crop Update

    Are California almond growers really going to reach their record 3 billion pound crop this year? How have the wildfires impacted the harvest season? What kind of pest pressure levels are growers experiencing this year? What should almond growers expect at the virtual Almond Board Conference this year?  Watch this brief interview with Richard Waycott from the Almond Board of California to find out and read more about it in Pacific Nut Producer Magazine.

    Please thank this video’s sponsor Suterra for their industry support.

  • The Value of Honey Bees in Self-Pollinating Almonds

    The Value of Honey Bees in Self-Pollinating Almonds

    A foraging honey bee approaches an almond blossom.

    Almond growers have a lot of inputs to consider to produce their crop. They must balance the cost of labor, pest management, water, and bees for pollination.  Those costs are not fixed year-after-year, especially renting the bees. The fact is the cost of colony rentals for pollination has steadily increased, and remained, at a premium. And almond acreage is projected to outpace the number of available colonies sometime in the next decade. Growers take these factors very seriously and it is not surprising that self-pollinating almond varieties have been a hot topic lately.

    “Bearing acres of almonds (trees old enough to produce fruit) are typically stocked with 2 colonies per acre of trees. If the trends of the last five years continue (a ~20% increase in acreage and a ~1% increase in honey bee colonies), pollination demand in almonds could exceed the supply of honey bees in the next five years.” Chart and caption are excerpted from The Bee Health Collective.

    Data shows that interest in self-pollinating varieties of almonds has translated into acres planted. ‘Independence’ almonds, in particular, are a proprietary varietal that now represents a noticeable chunk of new orchards over the last decade. Growers reported planting 3,155 acres of Independence almonds in 2019, which is about 15% of the total of new acres planted across all varieties. 

    This chart was created using data reported in the NASS 2019 Almond Acreage Report and shows the acres Independence almonds planted compared to the total new acres of all varieties planted (conventional and otherwise).

    Adapted from the Tuono variety Spain, self-pollinating trees have been modified for use in the U.S. where pollinator reliant almonds are most common. Pollinator reliant almonds are “self-incompatible” meaning that at least two varieties must be present to provide pollen for each other. Typically, the honey bee is brought in to transfer pollen from one row of trees to another, pollinating the trees and increasing nut set. 
     
    Even though Independence almonds do not require honey bees, research published in the journal Nature earlier this year demonstrated that honey bees are beneficial in those orchards, increasing fruit sets by 60% and kernel yield by 20%. This is an interesting finding as growers and beekeepers continue to work together towards a successful crop year after year. 
     
    All stakeholders are concerned that honey bee health challenges, and more recently declines in native pollinators,  will impact the availability of insects to pollinate almonds in the future. To continually meet this demand beekeepers have made adjustments to their yearly routines, adapting new technology to improve colony survival over the winter, and provide the high-quality colonies most useful for pollination in Almonds in February. One example of this is the increasing practice of indoor storage during the winter.
     
    Growers are stepping up to support pollinators as well. By planting forage in the form of cover crops, habitat plots, or hedgerows which provide food for bees, has been shown to increase colony size. A larger, healthier, colony will be able to supply more foragers to pollinate the trees more efficiently (foragers raised in a pollen abundant setting communicate better). Forage plantings can also improve soil quality and volume, prevent erosion, and break up compacted soil.  

    The Seeds for Bees® program mustard mix is growing between rows of almond trees. The mustard mix is planted in the fall and begins to bloom in plenty of time to feed the honey bees that are beginning to arrive in the area for the almond bloom. In addition to mustard varieties, this mix also contains canola (a honey bee favorite) and daikon radish which grows down and breaks tough soils.

    The takeaway is this: healthy and abundant pollinators, native or managed, can increase production for all types of almonds. Beekeepers and growers continue to work together to plan for the coming years. Increasing forage is an especially effective tool that can be put into place now. PAm has made forage an integral part of our organization, through acres planted and research, to support beekeepers and growers at the crucial interface of almond pollination. — By Grace Kunkel, Project Apis m.

  • Orchard Sanitation is key to a Quality Almond Crop

    Orchard Sanitation is key to a Quality Almond Crop

    Navel orangeworm (NOW) is the key pest of almonds, causing more income loss due to reject nuts than any other pest. Pesticide sprays, alone, cannot control this pest. A combination of several specific practices has been proven to reduce NOW damage and limit loss of grower income. These practices are winter sanitation, timely harvest and pesticide sprays (where needed). Mating disruption is an additional option that is seeing increasing adoption. The first of these practices on the orchard calendar is sanitation.

    Navel orangeworm find food and shelter in unharvested (“mummy”) nuts through the winter and spring, making those mummies a bridge of trouble from one year to the next in your orchard. Multiple research studies show that NOW damage increases with increasing mummy counts the previous winter. Destroying mummy nuts is the first step towards a cleaner crop and improved grower returns through quality incentives from processors. The goal of orchard sanitation is to turn that “NOW bridge” from a four-lane highway (no sanitation at all) into a narrow footbridge.

    Orchard sanitation is practiced by removing mummy nuts from the trees by February 1 and destroying (flail mow or disc) all nuts on the orchard floor no later than March 1st. In light of the expected reduced nut price for the 2020 crop, some growers may consider eliminating this key step in NOW management to “save money”. This is a risky move. The Sacramento Valley 2021 crop has a good chance to be lighter than the record 2020 crop resulting in 1) fewer nuts/tree and so higher % damage even if NOW populations stay the same and 2) larger nuts, on average, with the potential for poor shell seal and greater risk of NOW damage. Don’t play Navel Orangeworm Russian Roulette with your next crop. Sanitize.

    The following steps are needed for effective orchard sanitation:

      Before January 15, scout an orchard and count mummy nuts in 20 trees per acre. Include all varieties in this count.

      If average number of mummy nuts/tree exceeds 2, sanitation is recommended. The <2 mummies per tree target was developed in the early 1980’s, when industry average NOW damage was around 3.5%, much higher than today’s range of 1.3%. In the high pressure area of the southern San Joaquin Valley, the recommendation is to limit mummies to 1 per 5 trees (0.2 nuts/tree) and 8 or fewer mummies on the ground per Nonpareil tree, based on research from in 2003-2006 in Kern County. However, in 2019, northern California had higher % rejects level than the “high pressure” south San Joaquin Valley. Simply put, the fewer mummy nuts in an orchard, the lower NOW pressure at the start of the season.

      To sanitize, shake trees to remove nuts by January 31. Shaking can remove flower buds as they begin to swell and gain weight in late January/early February. Unless it is an early bloom season and buds begin to swell ahead of normal timing, shaking can be done into early February without reducing yield. Some buds are removed by shaking in early February, but since only 25% flower set = good commercial crop, some bud loss does not mean less crop at harvest. Some growers hand poll after shaking if too many nuts remain.

      Sweep downed nuts into windrows and mow or disc by March 1. Mow slowly (2 MPH) and check for intact nuts after mowing. If some nuts remain intact, mow again. NOW can survive if the nut is intact.

    Final thought. NOW overwinter in almond, walnut and pistachio mummies. NOW are also strong flyers, traveling at least a quarter of a mile to lay eggs. If you sanitize, but your neighbor(s) don’t, your orchard is at risk from NOW damage due to mated female moths, ready to lay eggs, flying over from the neighbors. Talk with your neighbors about sanitizing all orchards in the area and removing seedling “wild” almonds along fence lines as these can harbor NOW, too. — By Franz Niederholzer, UCCE Farm Advisor, Colusa & Sutter/Yuba Counties