Pacific Nut Producer Magazine

Category: Non-Video

  • Almond Alliance of California Applauds Defeat of Prop. 15

    Almond Alliance of California Applauds Defeat of Prop. 15

    The Almond Alliance of California today hailed the defeat of Prop. 15 which, if passed, would have been the largest property tax increase in California’s history.  The latest results from the Secretary of State’s office shows Prop. 15 losing by a margin of 52-48 %.
    The Almond Alliance mobilized a grassroots campaign focused on educational materials, letters and provided support to a broader coalition of industry partners. Almond Alliance Chairman Mike Curry said, “This is a tremendous victory for California agriculture and the California almond community. This measure would have devastated family-owned farms and businesses and jeopardized our locally grown food supply.”
    The victory demonstrated the power of agricultural groups partnering with like-minded organizations to achieve success at the ballot box, said Curry. “We worked closely with a coalition of agricultural organizations to inform our members about this issue and provide the resources needed to educate voters about the danger of Prop. 15 to the agricultural community,” he explained.

    The statewide No on Prop 15 campaign included organizations, such as: Agricultural Council of California, Western Growers, California Farm Bureau Federation, California Business Roundtable, California Chamber of Commerce, California State Conference of the NAACP, California Black Chamber of Commerce, California Asian Pacific Chamber of Commerce, Latin American and Caribbean Business Chamber of Commerce, California Business Properties Association, California Taxpayers Association and hundreds of other entities.
    “Our members deserve credit for stepping up to the plate quickly when we put out a call for help,” said Curry. “Their efforts were key to building this coalition and defeating this measure which would have unfairly burdened our community.”

    About the Almond Alliance of California
    The Almond Alliance of California (AAC) is a trusted non-profit organization dedicated to advocating on behalf of the California almond community. California almonds generate more than $21 billion in economic revenue and directly contribute more than $11 billion to the state’s total economy. California’s top agricultural export, almonds create approximately 104,000 jobs statewide, over 97,000 in the Central Valley, which suffers from chronic unemployment. The AAC is dedicated to educating state legislators, policy makers and regulatory officials about the California almond community. As a membership-based organization, our members include almond processors, hullers/shellers, growers and allied businesses. Through workshops, newsletters, conferences, social media and personal meetings, AAC works to raise awareness, knowledge and provide a better understanding about the scope, size, value and sustainability of the California almond community. 

    For more information on the Almond Alliance, visit https://almondalliance.org/ or check out the Almond Alliance on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
  • Reaching Stressed Consumers with Almonds, Message of Mindfulness

    Reaching Stressed Consumers with Almonds, Message of Mindfulness

    The Almond Board of California (ABC) U.S. marketing team continues to find ways to appeal to consumers through relevant and timely social media that keeps almonds top of mind.

    Although the coronavirus pandemic and 2020 election have made it more difficult to cut through a congested media environment, social media remains an escape for people looking to get away from those two factors. Leveraging the insight that consumers nationwide are facing higher stress levels, which may only be intensified by the upcoming holiday season, the U.S. marketing team decided to focus its social media strategy on mindfulness and wellness. In its social media posts, the team featured motivational phrases promoting almonds, including “a self-care snack that keeps you feeling you #almonds” and “feel good breaks pair well with feel good snacks #almonds.” This campaign seeks to capitalize on how almonds can still be part of consumers’ everyday lives, even though their days may not be as routine as usual.

    This effort also takes into consideration the fact that it can be hard to focus and stay energized when working from home, as many consumers are now forced to multi-task around the clock, jumping from their role of parent to teacher to employee. The ongoing demands of working from home allows ABC to highlight the benefits of sustaining one’s energy with a healthy snack of almonds. Social posts with captions such as “Week full of meetings? Week full of snacking on focus fueling #almonds” and “Al-monds all day. Your stay-on-task snack #almonds” are accompanied by an image of a handful of almonds over calendars and planners, connecting the nutritous snack of almonds to the realities of consumers’ busy lives.

    The Almond Board has also infused its social media strategy with humor as it continues to run its light-hearted “Garage Sale” advertisements that showcase the power of eating a handful of almonds and gaining six grams of energy-packed protein to power through the day. This “Garage Sale” paid social placement will be featured on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter through the end of November.

    Beyond those tactics, ABC has also partnered with holistic health coach Koya Webb for the last quarter of 2020 to bring even greater attention to how a simple daily almond snack can bring mindfulness back into day. Webb is publishing a series of posts featuring almonds on her Instagram page through the end of December – check out her first post here! ABC also arranged 19 television media interviews for Webb that took place at the end of October, and is looking to secure more earned media opportunities in the coming weeks.

    Taking a three-prong social media approach, from ABC’s own consumer-facing social media accounts as well as advertisements and third-party endorsement, has served up a recipe for success in, generating positive almond awareness through social media. Be sure to follow us on Facebook or Instagram at @California Almonds or on Twitter at @almonds to see the latest posts from your ABC team. — Article Courtesy of the Almond Board of California

  • Port of Oakland Update on Container Availability and Shipping Line Disruption

    Port of Oakland Update on Container Availability and Shipping Line Disruption

    The Almond Alliance hosted a zoom call with the Port of Oakland this morning to discuss issues with shipping lines and container availability at the Port of Oakland.  Through October 2020, Oakland sent out 18% fewer empty containers compared to the same time period in 2019.  Empty container exports dropped 30% between September 2020 and October 2020 (41,440 TEU vs 29,000 TEU respectively).  As you know most container shipping lines are foreign owned and are urging importers to return empty containers as quickly as possible, since it is having impacts throughout the supply chain. Ships are coming in late and berthing late and are cancelling many bookings. A significant number of chassis are being used to store full import containers, resulting in increased dwell times. The return of empty containers to free up chassis and improve operational velocity in terminals and storage yards is needed to help improve the situation.

    While efforts of many trade  associations (including Agriculture Transportation Coalition) are reaching out to the Administration and congressional representatives to request assistance, the goal of the Almond Alliance is to contact all of the carriers and get their message on what is happening with their containers and let them know the position and concerns of the almond industry.

    We requested that the Port of Oakland provide and recommendations to our membership to help them get through this situation. Below are some recommendations for consideration.  The Almond Alliance continues to work on this issue and will keep you updated.

    Recommendations to address this issue temporarily until the larger situation is handled:

    • Talk to your carriers and ask them if their book of business has changed.
    • Talk to your carriers and request that they take more export cargo. 
    • Based on your carriers’ book of business, you may need to spread the risk and consider working with other carriers. If your carrier does not have imports coming in, that is something you should consider in your decision in the next 3 months. 
    • Look at the terms of the conditions of your contract with your carrier. Certain contracts you can change your terms of conditions and temporarily give them up so carriers have incentive to work you.  We need to find ways to put pressure on carriers. 
    • Be flexible with equipment – better off shipping something than nothing and lose the sale. 

    Important note:

    Hapag Lloyd informed the Port of Oakland that in addition to the current delays of vessels employed in the AL5 service and the various recovery measures such as port omissions, speed-up, and rotation changes we unfortunately did not succeed to bring the service back on schedule since new delays have jeopardized those efforts.

    Ongoing adverse weather on the Atlantic is preventing us to do the necessary speed-up and even forces us to reduce the speed for safety reasons. In addition, port congestions caused by weather related port closures and labor shortages have caused additional delays.

    In order to recover the AL5 schedule and bring vessels back into the proforma long term schedule position, H/L has proactively decided to let all vessels slide by one week as per week 48 MV “NYK Rumina” 053W. All vessels sailing until then will remain in their delayed position with some slight schedule adjustments.

    For any questions, please email Elaine Trevino at etrevino@almondalliance.org.

  • Honoring Veterans Every Day at Farmer Veteran Coalition

    Honoring Veterans Every Day at Farmer Veteran Coalition

    Many veterans return home feeling lost, without purpose. They seek that “new mission” they grew so accustomed to during their time in the military. An agricultural non-profit is helping with just that.

    When Michael O’Gorman founded Farmer Veteran Coalition (FVC) in the back of his pick-up truck in 2008, he thought he could help our soldiers have meaningful careers and find healing on our nation’s farms.

    At that time no one was connecting veterans with the farming community. Today there are more than 250 organizations supporting this military-to-agriculture movement.

    Simply put, FVC helps veterans pursue careers in agriculture. For these men and women, farming has become their new mission. FVC recognizes that agriculture additionally offers purpose, opportunity, and physical and psychological benefits.

    This is the difference maker for many veterans in their civilian re-integration.

    With Veterans Day upon us, the team of Farmer Veteran Coalition is reflecting on the thousands of farmer veterans they have supported in pursuit of new agricultural endeavors, including those highlighted here.

    This year, after a decade of leading the charge, O’Gorman passed the pitchfork to newly appointed executive director Jeanette Lombardo. Raised by an Air Force veteran father, Lombardo grew up in Erie, Pennsylvania, on a family dairy farm. She spent decades in agricultural banking and now is eager to carry forward the single best way that FVC assists veterans – through their Fellowship Fund.

    A small grant program, the Fellowship Fund purchases farm equipment the member has identified as crucial to their operation. The program has funded $3 million in equipment to over 600 veterans.

    Alex Jauregui – Fury Bees (Photo by Susanna Frohman)

    Veterans like Alex Jauregui. A double-amputee, Alex lost both legs when he stepped on an IED in Afghanistan during his fourth deployment. Now he finds new purpose in his Fury Bees operation in Northern California. “Farming makes me feel enabled,” shares the former Staff Sergeant. “I never would have imagined beekeeping but it’s been very therapeutic.” FVC teamed up with Work Vessels for Veterans and Semper Fi Fund to purchase a Hummerbee forklift, which significantly reduces the physical impact on Alex’s body.

    Twin Sister Veterans Ladonna Avakian & Heather Paterson, now Oregon cherry and hazelnut growers

    Veterans like Ladonna Avakian & Heather Paterson. Twin sisters, both women served in the Air Force. Both returned home to Oregon with service-related disabilities. They were awarded a grant to fund an air sprayer for their Hollyaire orchard where they primarily farm sour cherries, hazelnuts, and holly under the Homegrown By Heroes label. “It’s small grants like this one that make us feel valued and supported,” Heather reflects. “Farming is all about community, and FVC really is its own community. To be physically active, outside, working with my twin, and having our family out there – it’s really an American dream.”

    Ben Misko, a Marine who suffered a brain injury during combat, has found healing in his Restless Roots farm. He grows vegetables and cut flowers in Central Pennsylvania. “Having a brain injury can be very frustrating at times, but animals provide a reprieve for me. Farming keeps me sound in my mind, and the animal and plant care keeps me on schedule,” shares the former Motor Vehicle Operator. “I asked for this equipment so I can provide for more animals without additional financial burden.”

    Michael Trost, who served a decades-long Army career, suffered gunshot wounds that resulted in the amputation of his right leg and the reconstruction of his hand using his toes. After 30 surgeries and two years of hospitalization, he turned to hop growing in Tennessee. “Starting this farm has given me a new mission, purpose and direction in my life. I feel more alive than I have been,” expressed Michael, explaining that the farm is a major part of his post-service recovery. “FVC believed in me and awarded me funds to install fencing around my hopyard. Now we are using the farm to help other wounded veterans. We were made to become farmers. We love to be a part of something bigger than ourselves.”

    Lovay Wallace-Singleton, the president of FVC’s North Carolina chapter, served 20 years in the Navy before founding Veterans Employment Base Camp and Organic Garden. VEBCOG provides temporary employment for post-war veterans transitioning back to civilian life, teaching urban farming skills. A Fellowship Fund grant helped Lovay repair her farm’s hoophouse after hurricane Florence struck and flooded her property.

    And     James Webb, whose career as an Army Ranger ended when he was hit by a drunk driver while riding his motorcycle near Fort Benning. “After my accident and getting medically retired, I lost the career I wanted and worked hard for, and lost the brotherhood unlike anything I had ever known,” lamented the veteran who comes from a long line of military service. “Once I realized I could use horses to work cattle – my whole world changed.” He now operates Conway Cattle Company in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia, and last year spoke at FVC’s national conference in Austin on the panel ‘Rangers on the Range’, featuring five former Army rangers all now ranching cattle.

    When FVC was first established, the plan was simple: find a way to help these veterans, and then tell their story. For Michael O’Gorman, getting to work with the men and women of FVC on their own individual journeys to becoming farmers has made it the most rewarding thing he has done. “I’m really proud of the organization that I started and watched grow,” shared the founder. “But we’re still a fairly young organization and are dedicated to helping the farmer veterans out there.”

    For as many veterans as FVC has helped, there are still more in need of support.

    And the stakes are high, as Marvin Frink – who started Briarwood Cattle Farm in North Carolina to cope with post-service PTSD – shows us. “I am just so thankful for [Michael O’Gorman] and the hard work he’s done for us. I can openly say it – [Michael] saved my life and I’m very thankful for him. He came to me when I was in a very bad, very dark place, and he pulled me out of it.”

    More About Farmer Veteran Coalition (FVC)

    Farmer Veteran Coalition (FVC) is the nation’s largest nonprofit organization assisting veterans and active duty members of the U.S. Armed Forces to embark on careers in agriculture. With the mission of mobilizing veterans to feed America, it provides education, resources and small grants to help veterans launch their own farming operation or find employment in related agricultural professions. Established in 2008, Farmer Veteran Coalition serves more than 20,000 veteran members from all 50 states and U.S. territories while developing a new generation of farmers and food leaders.  Its in-house programs include the Farmer Veteran Fellowship Fund small grant program, the nationally recognized Homegrown By Heroes label for veteran-grown products, and the national Stakeholders Conference. It leverages its network of nearly 15 state chapters to facilitate peer collaboration and mentorship. FVC has been successful in getting millions of dollars of USDA funds appropriated for farmer veteran and the groups that support them.  They have built an extended community of organizations that look to them for leadership and guidance as the pioneer in this military-to-agriculture movement.

    Learn more at:     www.farmvetco.org or follow along on Facebook at @FarmerVeteranCoalition, on Instagram at @FarmerVeteranCoalition and on Twitter at @FarmVetCo.  For more details on the Nov. 18-19 virtual conference or to register visit: http://conference.farmvetco.org

  • California Walnut Credit-Back Referendum

    California Walnut Credit-Back Referendum

    The California Walnut Board (CWB) is pursuing credit-back authority. The USDA recently published the Secretary’s decision in this regard and has ordered a referendum vote of the growers. This authority will allow for handlers to receive a credit-back for eligible marketing expenditures of 70 cents for every dollar in spend. This important authority is one of the ways the CWB is modernizing the Order to make it work harder for industry, using every possible tool available to spur new investment in new product development/marketing initiatives to continue growing walnut consumption.

    What is Credit-Back Authority?

    • Credit-back is an authority that several agricultural commodities (almonds, prunes, etc.) use to allow handlers to conduct eligible marketing activities in return for a partial credit/rebate on assessments.
    • The CWB does not currently have this authority in the marketing order; therefore, formal rule making has been undertaken to add the authority to the order.

    Objective/Purpose of the Program

    • Objective of the program – effectively promote the sale, use and consumption of California walnuts
    • Purpose – to encourage handler market promotion in addition to the CWB’s generic marketing efforts

    Structure/Mechanics

    • The credit-back authority, once approved, will be in the Order, whether industry chooses to use or not.
    • Program authorization to spend will be determined on an annualized basis in conjunction with fiscal budgeting.
    • Determining available dollars for the crop year will be based on percent of budgeted assessment revenue.
    • Each handler’s share of available dollars to be based on prior year crop acquisitions.
    • Credit-back will be .70 cents per $1 of spend on eligible marketing & promotional activities.

    What are the rules & requirements?

    • Credit-back requires California Walnuts wording and/or handler name with the word “walnut(s)” to be eligible.
    • Credit-back is not intended for use with private label/third-party products. Activities containing other nuts and/or fruits, etc., would receive credit-back based on the proportionate share of walnuts included.
    • Walnuts used as an ingredient in manufactured food products would receive credit-back based on the proportionate share of walnuts included.
    • Complete rules, regulations and eligible/ineligible activities are defined in the Credit-back Guide.

    What are the impacts to the Board?

    • To be funded from prevailing assessments, likely reduction in domestic program, given this is the largest area of CWB spend.
    • Available dollars for the crop year to be based on percent of budgeted assessment revenue; CWB Executive Committee to make a recommendation to the Board annually.
    • Similar programs have credit-back in the range of 10%-15% of assessments.
    • Staffing implications to be determined based on the breadth and depth of the program.

    More information regarding this referendum can be found on the Federal register.

    Voting

    The voting period is November 30 – December 11, 2020. The CWB encourages grower participation in this process. Please be on the lookout for a ballot from USDA. If you do not receive a ballot, please contact Terry Vawter at (559) 487-5905 or Jeffery Rymer at (559) 987-2293.

  • Walnut Replanting Considerations in a Lean Price Year

    Walnut Replanting Considerations in a Lean Price Year

    When prices are lean walnut farming is tough business. Farm advisors are not economists or financial advisors. However, farm advisors can be useful in providing best practices for economically sustainable production. Two key economic decisions growers face are when to replant individual trees and when to remove and replant entire orchards.

    Learn from Dying Trees to Improve Management of the Whole Orchard:

    Former Advisor Carolyn DeBuse, and Emeritus Advisor Bill Krueger wrote about the need to pause before replanting, by asking why the tree died in the first place. Saturated soils and soil borne pathogens are common culprits for tree loss. It is important to carefully evaluate recently declining trees, particularly evaluating their root systems for a possible cause. Your pest control advisor or local farm advisor can help with this diagnosis. Can changes be made to reduce the chance of additional trees declining and increase the chance of success for replanted trees? For Phytophthora and nematodes, these changes are often genetic (i.e. replant rootstock selection) but may also include a chemical approach. However, the needed action is just as often cultural, whether it is adjusting irrigation set time to prevent ponding or installing stream-splitters to keep water off trunks.

    Water logging is a common cause of walnut tree decline: sacvalleyorchards.com/blog/walnuts- blog/yellowing-collapsing-walnut-trees-pt-1-water-logging. The Howard variety appears particularly sensitive to saturated soils: sacvalleyorchards.com/blog/walnuts-blog/yellowing-collapsing-walnut-trees- pt-2-yellowing-howard-problem. In addition to tracking saturated conditions with soil moisture monitoring, a key practice to not over-watering is irrigating only when demanded by the trees, as indicated through regular pressure chamber use. Learn more at: sacvalleyorchards.com/manuals/stem-water- potential.

    Tree Replanting Decisions:

    When a tree dies and is removed, there is always a question of whether to replant in that spot. The decision of whether to replant an individual tree is a gamble that the replant will become established and produce enough to offset its associated costs by the end of the orchard’s life. A decision that is an automatic “yes” early in the orchard’s life becomes more complicated as the orchard ages.

    The shading from surrounding trees, and the ensuing low probability of successful vigorous growth weighs against the desire to replant and establish lost production. DeBuse and Krueger noted that if the orchard floor has over 75% shade at midday, the chance of a successful replant is slim. However, UC Davis Walnut Specialist Bruce Lampinen believes that a successful replant is dubious in orchards with over 60% shading. If the decision to replant has been automatic for you, pause to consider the cost of an unsuccessful replant and first evaluate how much light is available to the new tree.

    After weighing the success of the replant and evaluating why the original tree died, if you do replant, follow the best practices to help nurture this investment. Root removal, possible spot fumigation, nursery product selection, and correct planting are the key steps. Of these, nursery product selection is a particularly critical step, if possible, tailor the choice of rootstock to the main source of tree loss (see rootstock table below). As part of nursery selection, choosing a bareroot over a potted tree is typically ideal because you are starting with a tree that is larger and easier to manage. Once the replant is in place, the tree stands little success without paying extra attention to the need to modify irrigation and fertilization. You can learn more in the excellent guide by DeBuse and Krueger at: sacvalleyorchards.com/walnuts/orchard-development/replanting-individual-trees.

    Orchard Replanting Decisions:

    In addition to a lack of available light, general orchard decline is a second major reason to rethink replanting individual trees. General orchard decline in old age, frequently the result of weak trees facing an onslaught of multiple pests and diseases (figure 1), means replants make little sense because of the short window remaining in the orchard’s life. Instead, the orchard should continue to be farmed without replants until it is no longer economically feasible to do so.

    Figure 1. An orchard facing general decline, with a high rate of tree loss. Extensive crown gall, trunk cankers, and high nematode counts all present in this orchard.

    Amidst lean prices, if this is the year that you slate an orchard for removal, there are several steps you should consider before removal. A critical initial step, just as with replanting individual missing trees, is to ask why the orchard is in decline, and if those problems may follow you into the next planting. In addition to assessing the risk of the replant problem, and the persistence of crown gall, a nematode sample taken while the current trees are still in the ground is a great start. You can learn more about nematode sampling at: growingthevalleypodcast.com/podcastfeed/2019/10/22/nem-sampling and result interpretation and the next steps for replanting amidst high lesion nematode counts at: sacvalleyorchards.com/walnuts/orchard- development/replanting-into-nematode-infested-soils.

    Building upon this initial diagnosis step, consider the following steps:

    1. Assess potential carry-over problems before harvest.

    2. Kill the roots of the old orchard. The established best practice for this is cutting down trees above ground during October and within 5 minutes painting the stump with Garlon3A, or a mixture of 1:3 mixture of Garlon3A and MorAct.

    3. Wait a full growing season before replanting walnuts. This is the step where there are a range of management choices, such as the decision to fumigate, the use of a spring-summer crop to dry down deep soil moisture, or even exploration of a new technique like anaerobic soil disinfestation.

      This is also the step, where you could consider whole orchard recycling (WOR), whereby the previous trees are chipped and incorporated back into the soil. In almonds, this has been successful both for the performance of the subsequent planting and for soil health. Problems and success with WOR in walnut have yet to be demonstrated, with only a single pilot demonstration of young second generation WOR trees to- date. Until we have data on the persistence of crown gall and lesion nematode in roots of a recycled orchard, this practice is not advised for orchards with heavy cases of these afflictions. You can learn more about WOR at orchardrecycling.ucdavis.edu. WOR is an expensive practice, however the practice is now recognized for potential financial support through the CDFA’s Healthy Soils Program: cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/healthysoils.

      1. Fumigate, if necessary. The choice of whether to fumigate is centered around the concerns of root lesion nematodes, the replant problem, and to a lesser extent crown gall when replanting walnut orchards. Specifically, if lesion nematode is present in the old orchard, nematicide (e.g. Telone) fumigation, in addition to all the other steps may be necessary to have a successful replant to walnut. Fumigation is expensive, however the carryover problems from the previous orchard can prove far more costly. Cost savings with fumigation can be achieved by opting for strip fumigation specifically mapped for the tree rows, instead of broadcast fumigation. Adequate fumigant distribution can be problematic especially on clay-type soils. To ensure a successful fumigation, it is critical to dry down the soil to 12% moisture for optimal fumigant efficacy.

      2. Replant on an appropriate rootstock. Consider the potential benefits of clonal Paradox rootstocks, particularly against nematodes (VX211) and Phytophthora (RX1). See detailed rootstock traits in the table below.

      Find more about orchard removal and replant steps at: sacvalleyorchards.com/walnuts/diseases/considerations-for- replanting-walnut-orchards. Finally, if you are removing and planting a new walnut orchard, a key document to have on hand when financially planning is the Sacramento Valley UC Walnut Cost Study, which can be found at: coststudies.ucdavis.edu/en/current/commodity/walnuts.

      Article By:

      -Luke Milliron, UCCE Orchards Advisor Butte, Glenn & Tehama Counties

      -Katherine Jarvis-Shean, Orchards Advisor Yolo, Solano & Sacramento Counties

  • Help Needed: Identifying Telone Application Sites this Fall/Late Winter

    Help Needed: Identifying Telone Application Sites this Fall/Late Winter

    The Almond Alliance has been meeting with Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) on their initiated 1,3-D pilot programs in three areas of the state:  Shafter, Kern County; Parlier, Fresno County; Delhi, Merced County. The objective of the pilot programs is to evaluate growers and applicators with alternative methods of achieving emission reductions of 1,3-D comparable to tarping. DPR put forth 13 proposed mitigation measures including buffer zones, TIF tarping, soil moisture depth, water seals, amended injection depths and more.

    The Almond Alliance has been engaged in numerous discussions with DPR on this issue and has mobilized our membership to provide feedback and have detailed discussions on why several of the proposed options are not procedurally and economically feasible. We have been clear that our industry needs this fumigant for treatment of nematodes during the replanting of almond trees.

    In August of this year, the Almond Alliance submitted a detailed letter to DPR summarizing the almond industry’s concern about the proposed pilot options and why several should not be considered at all.  To review letter, CLICK HERE.

    DPR has asked that we identify 2 to 3 orchards to evaluate during replanting this fall/spring and will be applying Telone as a soil fumigant. Would you be willing to have your site be a part of an assessment of some fumigant off-gassing reduction measures that DPR would like to assess? If yes, or even if you think your site might not meet the DPR criteria, you should speak with the Almond Alliance and DPR. An ideal orchard is one with no other surrounding orchards, specifically upwind/downwind as DPR needs to have space for the equipment to measure what is emitted into the air.

    While some wanted DPR to move to additional regulation of Telone right away based on the air monitoring data, DPR decided to do some “pilot studies”, partially buying a bit of time. In the process, DPR realized that they needed additional field monitoring data on the off gassing of Telone under different conditions to improve their models, as well to assess the off-gassing if some new mitigation measures were employed. Thus, the hunt for appropriate sites with good grower cooperators.  However, if additional sites with growers willing to cooperate cannot be found, DPR will move forward regulating based on the limited data they already have. That will lead to a significant increase in locations where Telone cannot be used and/or only with the use expensive TIF tarps.

    The proposed emissions mitigation measures include:

    • Getting soil moisture in the top 6-9 inches to 70% water holding capacity as a water seal.
    • Injection the fumigant at 24-28 inches rather than at 18 inches.
    • Mixture of one of the above and strip TIF tarps.

    ​​​​​​​If your site meets the desired conditions – particularly no orchard immediately adjacent to the location and you are willing, we are asking that you discuss the possibility with your soil fumigant applicator company and contact Elaine Trevino at 209-300-7140.

  • Driving Market Demand for Walnuts During COVID-19

    Driving Market Demand for Walnuts During COVID-19

    California Walnut Board — As we enter the seventh month of lockdowns and shelter-in-place, many people wonder what the impact of this pandemic will be on the walnut industry and consumer spending. Together, as your partners, we have been monitoring and evaluating the COVID-19 media landscape and consumer sentiment and have adapted plans and messaging as necessary across all of our audiences and platforms, ensuring our messaging continues to resonate with our consumers and drive market demand for walnuts.

    During COVID-19, the California Walnut Board (CWB)/California Walnut Commission (CWC) have been working collectively to promote the health benefits of walnuts to U.S. consumers and around the world. One example includes tapping into the pandemic trend of “at-home baking” and showcasing the many benefits of walnuts. Another example includes expanding our retail efforts with an e-commerce campaign as well as a targeted snacking campaign in the U.S., which will drive awareness and encourage purchase. There remains incredible growth opportunity in the U.S. market, particularly in retail, to drive demand. We will continue to find new ways to reach our consumer in the U.S. and around the world.

    Capitalizing on Current Trends

    It is the CWB/CWC’s goal to ultimately make walnuts the desired and preferred choice for consumers and the ingredient of choice for food manufacturers and food service operators – used in cooking, baking and snacking. Having a steady drumbeat of media coverage on walnuts is key to keeping walnuts top of mind with the consumer, which drives them to purchase at retail food outlets.

    Cooking and baking at home is trending and has been for months, as many people worldwide continue to shelter in place. In the U.S., we pivoted our media outreach to focus on baking, especially banana bread and cookie recipes. Total U.S. media coverage was up 85% year-over-year for the March through May timeframe and was viewed by consumers 3.1 billion times, leading them to in-store/online purchase. Interest in baking and cooking drove recipe coverage for April/May to exceed holiday coverage, demonstrating record interest in using walnuts.

    In India, a large percentage of the middle class has hired help to cook their meals, and during COVID, many left the major cities to return to their villages. For some, this was the first time that they have had to prepare meals for themselves, and recipes and instructional videos from celebrities, chefs and prominent influencers have become a lifeline. With our versatility across all parts of Indian cuisine, as well as international recipes, we reached out to the media, promoting walnuts as a healthy staple to have in every home. Each month, these efforts have reached hundreds of millions. For example, during just the month of May, our recipes alone reached over 237 million consumers.

    Health and wellness are top of mind now more than ever with consumers who are looking for foods that will contribute to a healthy lifestyle. Our ongoing messaging around the scientific health research continues to solidify walnuts as a key food to have at home year-round. In Spain, during the height of lockdown, we shared with consumers how to keep a healthy lifestyle with walnut recipes and nutritional and exercise tips through videos, influencers and press activities reaching 26% of the Spanish population.

    These are just a few examples of how we capitalized on timely and media-worthy opportunities to drive media coverage and encourage purchase.

    You may be wondering how media coverage impacts you as a grower/handler. The more visibility we have with press and consumers, the more likely they are to purchase, driving retail and industry demand.

    Snacking Drives Consumption

    To drive meaningful ways for the media to cover California walnuts, the CWB commissioned a consumer survey to assess changes in snacking habits in light of COVID-19. The survey revealed that, not surprisingly, consumers are snacking now during COVID more than ever. They are also nearly split on preference for sweet versus savory snacks. Providing these types of timely and relevant hooks is key when pitching media outlets to grab their attention and make sure they write about walnuts.

    Typically, consumers are more likely to try products recommended by a celebrity or influencer than by the brand. One example of using a key influencer (with celebrity status) is with Ali Fedotowsky-Manno, of The Bachelorette and E! television fame. We partnered with Ali to promote her favorite walnut snack ideas, encourage trial and drive market demand.

    Online Shopping

    As the pandemic continues, consumers’ cooking and shopping habits have changed. Consumers are looking for simple recipes using ingredients they already have in their refrigerator/pantry. As part of their changing habits they are also more open to learning new ways to do things, which include shopping online. To piggyback on this trend of online shopping, the CWB/CWC created shoppable engagements. A shoppable engagement allows a customer to add recipe ingredients directly to their online shopping cart – leading to purchase. In the U.S., sponsored recipes with walnuts as an ingredient increased 38%, while California Walnuts recipes and blog articles promoted through digital media resulted in a 200% increase in clicks versus the same period a year ago, showing that our marketing efforts are leading to purchase.

    In the U.S. we also conducted a retail e-commerce test program that launched in July on Kroger, Amazon, Instacart, Albertsons Safeway and Ahold banners. The online program drove mass awareness and ensured California walnuts stayed top of mind while consumers were actively grocery shopping online. A dedicated California Walnuts product page created an easy way to encourage purchase, and at the end of August, this program had delivered $490,687 in attributed sales with over 67,000 units sold. Instacart has had the strongest performance with 13.8x return on advertising spend; 2-4x is the typical benchmark for the platform.

    In Korea, we ran an online promotion for one week at the end of April with an e-commerce site called “we make price” that is popular for its daily delivery service. We created a landing page with over 40 different sizes and packaging of California walnut products and promoted the landing page through the we-make-price mobile app. Our ad reached 3.6 million consumers, and with this promotion, we saw a 2,340% sales increase year-over-year. With e-commerce promotions, not only do we have the opportunity to drive sales, but we can also create awareness with consumers who are actively in the purchase mode.

    As COVID-19 continues to unfold in the coming months, the CWB/CWC continue working to protect, develop and grow the California walnut industry. There remains an incredible growth opportunity in the U.S. and around the world to drive market demand.

    For the latest news and developments, please visit walnuts.org.

  • Almond Board Mummy Shake Video Contest

    Almond Board Mummy Shake Video Contest

    Halloween will come and go, but mummy nuts are here to stay… unless you shake them away!

    To help remind growers to break the link between mummy nuts and overwintering navel orangeworm (NOW), the Almond Board of California (ABC) created a parody song that’s sure to be an “orchard smash,” just in time for the most spooky holiday of the year. It’s The Mummy Shake — listen now (lyrics here) and submit a video of your family dancing along to this “orchard smash” for a chance to win a $500 Amazon gift card!

    How to Enter: Video Specifications  

    • Create a video with family dancing – and, if desired, singing – to The Mummy Shake. You can film this video anywhere, though an orchard backdrop is encouraged.
      • Entry videos must be at least 30 seconds in length (approximately a verse and a chorus) and up to the duration of the full song.
      • Entries will be judged based on enthusiasm, creativity and composition.


    How to Upload Your Video

    • You have TWO OPTIONS when submitting your video:
      • Get Up and Dance: Don’t worry about singing; just get out in the orchard and show us your moves and/or lip-sync the lyrics. We’ll add the audio to your video!
      • Sing-Along Style: Get out in the orchard, play the Mummy Shake video and sing along with the lyrics!
    • Submit your entry in one of two ways:
      • Upload the video in .MP4 or .MOV format to this ABC webform.
        • MAKE SURE TO INCLUDE THE CONTESTANT’S NAME AND EMAIL ADDRESS IN THE FILE NAME
      • Post the video on the Almond Board of California Facebook page 
        • DON’T FORGET to include the hashtag #MummyShake in your post to ensure your video is considered for the $500 Amazon gift card!

    Read on below for complete contest eligibility guidelines.

    Mummy Shake Video Contest – OFFICIAL RULES

    NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. MAKING A PURCHASE OR CONTRIBUTION WILL NOT IMPROVE CHANCE OF WINNING. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED.

    1. Preliminary Information and Contest Period: The Mummy Shake Video Contest (Campaign) is open for entries starting October 26, 2020 at 12:01AM Daylight Pacific Time (PT). All entries must be submitted by the contest deadline: 11:59PM PT on November 20, 2020 (Contest deadline). Campaign is subject to all applicable federal, state and local laws. This Campaign is sponsored by the Almond Board of California (Sponsor), 1150 9th St. #1500, Modesto, CA 95354.

    2. Agreement to Rules: By participating, the Contestant agrees to be fully and unconditionally bound by these Rules and decision of Sponsor, which shall be final and binding. Contestant represents and warrants that they meet the eligibility requirements. In addition, Contestant agrees to accept the decisions of Sponsor as final and binding as it relates to the content of this Campaign.

    3. Eligibility: Contestant may enter to win if he or she is a legal resident of the state of California, age 18 or older at the time of entry, and is a member of the California almond industry, which includes growers, handlers, hullers/shellers and allied industry members. Contestant’s submission may include family member and/or friend of a Contestant provided that such family member or friend consents to being featured in the submission. If Contestant chooses to feature his or her children under the age of 18 in his/her submission, Contestant grants Sponsor permission to display, broadcast and/or share video for promotional purposes of this Campaign or future Campaigns. Employees, officers, directors, agents, representatives and their immediate families (parents, children, siblings, spouse and each of their respective spouses, regardless of where they live) or members of the households of the Almond Board of California/Sponsor, their parent companies, subsidiaries, agencies and anyone connected with the production and distribution of this Campaign may submit an entry for use by Sponsor solely to promote the Campaign, but are not eligible to win or be awarded a prize.

    4. How to Enter: To enter, Contestants must create a video featuring themselves and/or family or friends dancing to the Almond Board of California’s “Mummy Shake” song, in an almond orchard or another setting of their choosing. Entry videos must be at least 30 seconds in length (approximately one verse and one chorus) and up to the duration of the full song. Entries will be judged based on enthusiasm, creativity, and composition. Judges will be comprised of employees of the Almond Board of California. Submit your video entry in one of two ways:

    • Upload the video in .MP4 or .MOV format to this ABC webform. 
      • MAKE SURE TO INCLUDE THE CONTESTANT’S NAME AND EMAIL ADDRESS IN THE FILE NAME.
    • Post video on Sponsor’s Almond Board of California Facebook page: http://facebook.com/AlmondBoardofCalifornia/
      • DON’T FORGET to include the hashtag #MummyShake in your post to ensure your video is considered for the $500 Amazon gift card!
    • Email industry@almondboard.com with questions

    Multiple entries per person or household will be accepted and judged, but only one (1) prize will be awarded per person or household. Entries that are incomplete or that contain errors, copyrighted images or inappropriate/derogatory/defamatory images or language, dogs in the orchard, guns/firearms, nudity, violence or profanity will be automatically disqualified in Sponsor’s sole discretion. Sponsor is not responsible for lost, late, misdirected, altered or destroyed entries. The odds of winning depend on the number of eligible entries received and/or the number of contestants participating in the contest. If Contestant uses fraudulent methods or otherwise attempts to circumvent the rules, the submission may be removed from eligibility at the sole discretion of Sponsor. The Contestant may be asked to provide all appropriate clearances, permissions and releases for the submission.

    All entries become the property of Sponsor and will not be returned. Proof of sending will not be deemed proof of receipt by Sponsor. Sponsor reserves the right to edit or summarize the submission or any written description or picture prior to posting to Sponsor’s website and/or social media channels.

    5. Prize: The Winner of the Campaign (“Winner”) will receive a Grand Prize consisting of a $500 Amazon gift card.

    The prize will be sent to Winner’s provided email address within two (2) weeks of notification. Any applicable Federal, State or Local taxes are solely the responsibility of the winner and paying any expenses associated with any prize which are not expressly included as part of the prize. Prizes are not transferable. Sponsor reserves the right to substitute a prize package with another prize of equal or greater value if advertised prize or any component thereof is not available.

    6. Winner Selection and Notification: Winner will be selected under the supervision of the Sponsor. Winner will be notified by email or by direct message on Facebook within five Sponsor business (5) days following selection of Winner. Sponsor shall have no liability for Winner’s failure to receive notices due to spam, junk email, or other security settings or for Winner’s provision of incorrect or otherwise non-functioning contact information. If Winner cannot be contacted, is ineligible, fails to claim the prize within seven (7) Sponsor business days from the time award notification was sent, or fails to timely return a completed and executed declaration and release as required, the prize may be forfeited, and an alternate Winner selected. Receipt by Winner of the prize offered in this Campaign is conditioned upon compliance with any and all federal, state, and local laws and regulations. Any violation of these official rules by winner (at Sponsor’s sole discretion) will result in Winner’s disqualification as Winner of the Campaign, and all privileges as Winner will be immediately terminated.

    7. Rights Granted by Contestant: By entering this Campaign, Contestant understands and agrees that Sponsor, anyone acting on behalf of Sponsor, and Sponsor’s licensees, successors, and assigns, shall have the right, where permitted by law, to print, publish, broadcast, distribute, and use in any media now known or hereafter developed, in perpetuity and throughout the World, without limitation, Contestant’s entry, name, portrait, picture, voice, likeness, image, statements about the Campaign, and biographical information for news, publicity, information, trade, advertising, public relations, and promotional purposes, without any further compensation, notice, review, or consent. By entering this Campaign, Contestant represents and warrants that entry is an original work of authorship and does not violate any third party’s proprietary or intellectual property rights or right of publicity. If entry infringes upon the right of any third party including, without limitation, any intellectual property right or right of publicity, Contestant will be disqualified at the sole discretion of Sponsor. If the content of the entry is claimed to constitute infringement of any proprietary or intellectual proprietary rights or right of publicity of any third party, Contestant shall, at his or her sole expense, defend or settle against such claims. Contestant shall indemnify, defend, and hold harmless Sponsor from and against any suit, proceeding, claims, liability, loss, damage, costs or expense (including attorneys’ fees), which Sponsor may incur, suffer, or be required to pay arising out of such infringement or suspected infringement of any third party’s right.

    8. Terms & Conditions: Sponsor reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to cancel, terminate, modify or suspend the Campaign should virus, bug, non-authorized human intervention, fraud, or other cause beyond Sponsor’s control corrupt or affect the administration, security, fairness, or proper conduct of the Campaign. In such case, Sponsor may select the Winner from all eligible entries received prior to and/or after (if appropriate) the action taken by Sponsor. Sponsor reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to disqualify any individual who tampers or attempts to tamper with the entry process or the operation of the Campaign or website or violates these Terms & Conditions. Sponsor has the right, in its sole discretion, to maintain the integrity of the Campaign, to void entries for any reason. Any attempt by a Contestant to deliberately damage any website or undermine the legitimate operation of the Campaign may be a violation of criminal and civil laws. Should such attempt be made, Sponsor reserves the right to seek damages to the fullest extent permitted by law.

    9. Limitation of Liability: By entering, Contestant agrees to release and hold harmless Sponsor and its subsidiaries, affiliates, advertising and promotion agencies, partners, representatives, agents, successors, assigns, employees, officers, and directors from any liability, illness, injury, death, loss, litigation, claim, or damage that may occur, directly or indirectly, whether caused by negligence or not, from: (i) such Contestant’s participation in the Campaign and/or his/her acceptance, possession, use, or misuse of any prize or any portion thereof; (ii) technical failures of any kind, including but not limited to the malfunction of any computer, cable, network, hardware, or software, or other mechanical equipment; (iii) the unavailability or inaccessibility of any transmissions, telephone, or Internet service; (iv) unauthorized human intervention in any part of the entry process or the Promotion; (v) electronic or human error in the administration of the Promotion or the processing of entries.

    10. Disputes: This Campaign is governed by the laws of the United States of America and California, without respect to conflict of law doctrines. As a condition of participating in this Campaign, participant agrees that any and all disputes that cannot be resolved between the parties and causes of action arising out of or connected with this Campaign, shall be resolved individually, without resort to any form of class action, exclusively before a court located in California having jurisdiction. Further, in any such dispute, under no circumstances shall participant be permitted to obtain awards for, and hereby waives all rights to, punitive, incidental, or consequential damages, including reasonable attorney’s fees, other than participant’s actual out-of-pocket expenses (i.e. costs associated with entering this Campaign). Participant further waives all rights to have damages multiplied or increased.

    11. Privacy Policy: Information submitted with an entry is subject to the Privacy Policy stated on the Sponsor’s website. To read the Privacy Policy, click here.

  • Main Fungal Canker Diseases Affecting California Almonds

    Main Fungal Canker Diseases Affecting California Almonds

    In California, fungal canker diseases have long been known to affect almond trees. However, they have become an increasing concern to growers in recent years as they are affecting a greater extent of young trees, eventually resulting in significant tree losses. Canker diseases can also become prevalent in mature orchards, impacting yield, the lifespan of trees, production costs and overall profitability of almond orchards. Ultimately, trunk and scaffold canker diseases constitute a major cause of tree death and branch dieback in California almond orchards.

    As the University of California (UC) Assistant Cooperative Extension Specialist in Plant Pathology for fruit and nut crops when I receive calls from farm advisors, almond growers and Pest Control Advisers (PCAs) the questions they most frequently have are in relation to canker diseases, asking how can it be diagnosed, and how can it be treated.

    Symptoms on affected trees are very conspicuous and often alarming to growers. Moreover, field diagnosis of canker diseases is difficult as symptom delineation among the various canker diseases is not clear. Hence, laboratory tests are usually required to obtain accurate disease diagnosis, which is essential to the implementation of appropriate management strategies.

    With support from the Almond Board of California (ABC) and with the help of farm advisors, my laboratory conducted statewide surveys to characterize canker diseases in almond orchards and to get a thorough understanding of the main diseases and pathogens present. This work has provided molecular tools and a database for the accurate identification of fungi commonly isolated from almond cankers.

    This article will provide an overview of the main canker diseases that impact almond trees and how they can be recognized. But first, let’s review some general concepts about canker diseases.

    What is a canker?

    A canker in woody plants generally refers to a lesion produced in the bark of a plant’s stem, twig, or branch, often resulting in a dead area that can block water and nutrient transport to portions of the tree, thus causing parts of the plant to die back. Most cankers are caused by fungi, which invade bark tissue and the current season’s wood. However, some fungi colonize in both bark and internal wood tissue, causing canker rot or wood cankers that persist for years.

    Wood cankers typically consist of brown-to-dark brown discoloration of xylem tissues and may vary in shape from wedge-shaped to round, or irregular. 

    What are the main infection pathways and disease cycles of canker diseases?

    In orchard systems, cankers usually originate around wounds such as pruning wounds, mechanical injuries, sunscald and sunburn lesions, as well as wounds caused by insect borers. In almonds, canker pathogens infect trees mainly through pruning wounds made for primary and secondary scaffold selection to provide the general structure of trees. Cracks in the tree crotch or on the trunk as well as shaker injuries provide other entry points for canker-causing pathogens in almonds. Canker diseases may go unnoticed during the early stages of infection, though symptoms become more visible as the trees age.

    Most fungal canker pathogens produce fruiting bodies on dead wood of infected host plants. The spores produced by these fruiting bodies serve as inoculum for new infections, mostly during wet weather. The vegetation present in the vicinity of orchards, particularly trees in riparian areas or neighboring orchards of susceptible crops, may serve as inoculum sources for fungal canker pathogens affecting almonds. Once a canker disease has been established in an orchard, infected almond trees can provide additional inoculum for further infection. 

    Does stress play a role in the exacerbation of canker disease?

    Recent outbreaks of canker diseases in perennial crops have been attributed in part to drastic changes in production practices, climate change and increased plant stress, the continuing adaptation of pathogens to new environments, and, most importantly, the global movement of plant material. Ultimately, though, trees suffering environmental stresses are more susceptible to canker diseases.

    Microorganisms that usually do not cause disease in non-stressed hosts may become opportunistic pathogens of stressed plants. Increases in canker diseases are common during extended periods of drought or following sudden temperature fluctuations. Drought stress can also impair the plant’s ability to defend against fungal invasion. Conversely, excessive watering can kill roots and predispose plants to canker pathogens.

    What are the main canker diseases in California almonds, and what are their symptoms?

    Ceratocystis canker

    Ceratocystis canker, caused by the fungal pathogen Ceratocystis destructans (formerly known as Ceratocystis fimbriata), is one of the most prevalent canker diseases in California almonds – it occurs statewide in all almond producing counties. While this disease is generally associated with shaker damage and bark injuries on trunks during harvest, C. destructans is also capable of infecting branches from fresh pruning wounds and if left untreated can kill branches, scaffolds and entire trees. Ceratocystis is spread by several species of sap-feeding beetles and fruit flies.

    Ceratocystis canker starts as water-soaked injuries that are darker than the surrounding healthy tissue. Symptoms of established infections include amber-colored gumballs that are produced around the margin of the canker, where the fungus is most active. The cankers are perennial, persist over several years, and are most active during the growing season. Young trees infected with Ceratocystis canker may die rapidly while infections in older trees usually progress slowly. 

    Band canker and other Botryosphaeriaceae cankers

    Although band canker was first reported years ago as a disease in almonds, it’s appearance had been very sporadic up until the last decade, when this disease was suddenly being reported in large numbers of commercial orchards and causing severe damage.

    Band canker

    Band canker produces unique symptoms that include oozing amber sap that forms in a ring around the circumference of the tree. Young, vigorous varieties that grow quickly from aggressive nitrogen and water inputs are especially prone to band canker. Solid sprinkler irrigation or micro-sprinklers that wet the tree trunk can create conditions favorable for infection.

    Band canker is often an annual disease that occurs when trees are in their second-to-fifth leaf and usually does not necessarily reappear the following year. However, an increasing number of cases have been reported lately where cankers are being re-activated in following year. Tree death due to band canker has become more common as multiple bands can develop as the canker continues to grow from one growing season to the next.

    Botryosphaeriaceae cankers are characterized also by gumming around pruning wounds made near the trunk or in main scaffold branches. Band canker and Botryosphaeriaceae cankers are particularly common in young almond orchards in the northern San Joaquin Valley and well as in the Sacramento Valley.

    Infections by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi are usually associated with growth cracks or pruning wounds on the trunk and main scaffold branches. Studies have revealed there are at least 12 different Botryosphaeriaceae species in almonds, each with various levels of virulence. Among them, Neofusicoccum species, including N. parvum and N. mediterraneum, are the most common in California. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum also occurs frequently in cankers developing around pruning wounds on the trunk. This pathogen also can cause shoot blight and fruit rot in almonds.

    Eutypa dieback

    Eutypa dieback in almonds occurs sporadically in the Sacramento Valley and in the northern San Joachim Valley. Eutypa dieback is caused by the fungus Eutypa lata and is a common disease in apricots, sweet cherries and grapevines. Eutypa dieback in almonds is usually found in young trees.

    Cankers mostly originate from pruning wounds on limbs or trunks as well as from cracks formed at the junction of scaffold branches and the trunk, extending downward toward the graft union or upwards into one or more scaffold branches. Amber-colored gum turning dark brown to reddish brown normally exudes around the cracks. Irregular-shaped to wedge-shaped, brown-colored cankers are observed from cross sections of limbs and trunks.

    Limb dieback may occur several months or years after infection. The fungal fruiting bodies, i.e. the perithecia of E. lata. are rare in almond orchards, suggesting sources of inoculum for this disease most likely originate from surrounding susceptible hosts including apricot and grapevine as well as natural host plants in riparian areas such as willows. 

    Cytospora cankers

    Cytospora species have been isolated sporadically in almond orchards in California, Cytospora canker is generally associated with pruning wounds in the branches of third-leaf trees or older. At least five species of Cytospora have been associated with cankers in California almonds. Symptoms of Cytospora canker include longitudinal cankers in branches and scaffolds often associated with pruning wounds, vascular discoloration of the wood and moderate gumming.

    Florent Trouillas, UC Davis Plant Pathologist

    Cytospora species have been traditionally thought to be secondary to sunburn and other stresses or injury in stone fruits. However, their prevalence in cankers together with pathogenicity studies suggest that this group of fungi constitutes virulent pathogens. Overall, Cytospora pathogens are of increasing concern in recent years in many fruit and nut crops in California.— By Florent P. Trouillas (Through the Almond Board of California), Assistant Cooperative Extension Specialist in the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California, Davis

    Stay tuned for a follow-up article from Trouillas on how growers can manage different types of canker diseases in their orchards. Growers are also encouraged to check out the Univeristy of California IPM website for more information on various types of canker diseases.